Operators are symbols used for specific the action to be taken between the operands. C++ provides many operators for manipulating data.
Generally, there are six type of operators : Arithmetical operators, Relational operators, Logical operators, Assignment operators, Conditional operators, Comma operator.
Arithmetical operators
Arithmetical operators +, -, *, /, and % are used to performs an arithmetic (numeric) operation. It is a Binary operator.
| Operator |
Meaning |
| + |
Addition |
| – |
Subtraction |
| * |
Multiplication |
| / |
Division |
| % |
Modulus |
The operators +, -, *, and / gives both integral and floating-point type results but the Modulus or remainder % operator is gives only the integral type of result.
Relational operators
The relational operators are used to test the relation between two values. All relational operators are binary operators and therefore require two operands. A relational expression returns zero when the relation is false and a non-zero when it is true. The following table shows the relational operators. It is a Binary Operator
| Relational Operators |
Meaning |
| < |
Less than |
| <= |
Less than or equal to |
| == |
Equal to |
| > |
Greater than |
| >= |
Greater than or equal to |
| ! = |
Not equal to |
Logical operators
The logical operators are used to combine one or more relational expression. It is also a binary operator.
| Operators |
Meaning |
| || |
OR |
| && |
AND |
| ! |
NOT |
Assignment operator
The assignment operator ‘=’ is used for assigning a variable to a value. This operator takes the expression on its right-hand-side and places it into the variable on its left-hand-side. For example:
m = 5;
It is also the binary operator.
Compound Assignment Operators
The compound assignment operators is the combination of two operators i.e. arithmetic operator and the assignment operator, thus perform these two task. It is also the binary operator.
| Operator |
Example |
Equivalent to |
| + = |
A + = 2 |
A = A + 2 |
| – = |
A – = 2 |
A = A – 2 |
| % = |
A % = 2 |
A = A % 2 |
| /= |
A/ = 2 |
A = A / 2 |
| *= |
A * = 2 |
A = A * 2 |
Increment and Decrement Operators
C++ provides two special operators viz ‘++’ and ‘–‘ for incrementing and decrementing the value of a variable by 1. The increment/decrement operator can be used with any type of variable but it cannot be used with any constant. Increment and decrement operators each have two forms, pre and post. It is a unary operator.
The syntax of the increment operator is:
Pre-increment: ++variable
Post-increment: variable++
The syntax of the decrement operator is:
Pre-decrement: ––variable
Post-decrement: variable––
In Prefix form first variable is first incremented/decremented, then evaluated
In Postfix form first variable is first evaluated, then incremented/decremented
int x, y;
int i = 10, j = 10;
x = ++i;y = j++;cout << x;cout << y;
Conditional operator
The conditional operator ” ? : ” is called ternary operator as it requires three operands. The format of the conditional operator is:
Conditional_ expression ? expression1 : expression2;
If the value of conditional expression is true then the expression1 is evaluated, otherwise expression2 is evaluated.
int a = 5, b = 6;
big = (a > b) ? a : b;
The condition evaluates to false, therefore big gets the value from b and it becomes 6.
The comma operator
The comma operator gives left to right evaluation of expressions. When the set of expressions has to be evaluated for a value, only the rightmost expression is considered.
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, i;i = (a, b);
Would first assign the value of a to i, and then assign value of b to variable i. So, at the end, variable i would contain the value 2.
The sizeof operator
As we know that different types of Variables, constant, etc. require different amounts of memory to store them The sizeof operator can be used to find how many bytes are required for an object to store in memory. For example
sizeof (char) returns 1
sizeof (float) returns 4
the sizeof operator determines the amount of memory required for an object at compile time rather than at run time.
The order of Precedence
The order in which the Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,%) are used in a. given expression is called the order of precedence. The following table shows the order of precedence.
| Order |
Operators |
First
Second
Third |
()
*, /, %
+, – |
The following table shows the precedence of operators.
| ++, –(post increment/decrement) |
Highest
To
Lowest |
| ++ (Pre increment) — (Pre decrement), sizeof ( ), !(not), -(unary), +(unary) |
| *,/, % |
| +, – |
| <, <=, >, >= |
| ==,!= |
| && |
| ? : |
| = |
| Comma operator |
Unary operators
C++ provides two unary operators for which only one variable is required.
Binary operators
Operators that have two operands are called binary operators.
Ternary operators
Operators that have three operands are called ternary operators.
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